The man at the center of this international spy game was Dusko Popov, a flamboyant Yugoslav, who was born in 1912. They could then use these spies to find out information about the Germans as well as to provide the Germans with false information. During World War II, the Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a thrown-together conglomeration of amateurs and spies that President Eisenhower credited with turning the tide of the war in favor of the Allies. The Secret History of World War II: Spies, Code Breakers, and Covert Operations. Spies for the United Kingdom: Espionage was a crucial factor in the advance of World War II. Readers will meet Virginia Hall, Claire Phillips, Aline Griffith, Elizabeth Betty Pack, Josephine Baker, and Mary Bancroft. Buy Death to Spies Steam Key now from 2game.com and receive your key instantly. Germany prepared for a fight in a new frontier, but the only problem was that it was all a hoax. Many women served as spies, for and against the Allied Powers. She was the most decorated spy in World War II of either gender. To explore the roles of spies in the Second World War. After the war, Pujol vanished for many years until Nigel West, author of several books on MI-6 and MI-5, traced Pujo to Venezuela. https://www.history.com/news/6-people-you-didnt-know-were-wwii-spies You might think spies are people who sleuth around and get information, but they did much more than just that. This Site All NPS. So let’s blow the cover of 13 people you didn’t know were spies. The name that is most commonly associated with World War II espionage is Tokyo Rose. Lady Manningham-Buller raised pigeons for the War Office in her Victorian house in Oxfordshire. Her house is known now as a secret World War II pigeon spy base. Her lover gave her up and she was arrested in 1862. See answer (1) Best Answer. Northeast Archives of Folklore and Oral History: MF 182 World War II Collection. After serving a long prison sentence, Kuehn and his family were deported to Germany. Number of accessions: 152 Time period covered: WWII Description: This is an arbitrary collection of accessions created in June 2014 to bring together interviews that focus on WWII. They were always there hiding as normal people or behind enemy lines acting as if they were soldiers. 0653 By Wayne Young for FO 2, summer 1971, Winter Harbor, Schoodic Point, Steuben, … Hall was the first female S.O.E. Plotting an invasion of the United Kingdom in 1940 – codenamed Operation Sea Lion – the Nazis sent spies to gather intelligence across the English Channel. This was the highest number of all the D-Day spies mentioned in this article. Smersh is Russian for "Death to Spies" and was the name of a set of counterintelligence agencies formed in the Soviet Army during World War II. After the pigeons would fly back to her house with messages, people from the War Office would arrive on motorbikes at the house to collect the messages. But by a combination of its geopolitical location in the Scandinavian Peninsula, successful realpolitik manoeuvring during an unpredictable course of events, and a dedicated military build-up after 1942, Sweden managed … A list of American World War 2 spies would include Moe Berg, John Birch, Joan Bondurant, and Eric Erickson. The tormented British genius deserves all the fame, praise, and recognition he’s gotten—and more. Last updated: November 15, 2017. We've selected 10 YA books, 20 novels and 30 examples of non-fiction … National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. Get this video & much more on our "O.S.S. There were many forms of technology during World War II. The most important and dependable source of intelligence in World War II was not spies but the interception of secret messages sent by the enemy. After years of posing as a scientist’s wife, German spy Katarina Heinrich has acquired the Holy Grail: top-secret intelligence pertaining to the atomic bomb. After Benedict Cumberbatch’s brilliant performance in The Imitation Game (2014), we’ve all heard about Alan Turing by now. Her house is known now as a secret World War II pigeon spy base. This was true both in Europe and the Pacific. The Invisible Woman by Erika Robuck. Lisbon during World War II The Second World War happened between 1939 and 1945. Stories from World War II. Lady Manningham-Buller raised pigeons for the War Office in her Victorian house in Oxfordshire. He needed people who could blow up bridges, steal weapons, break into buildings, and cause chaos for the German Army. The practice continued throughout the war. The idea of an underwater breathing apparatus was developed in 1939 by Christian J. Lambertsen, dubbed the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit. For example, Paris had nineteen brothels in the inner city alone. diaries. Archives. secretly supplying the U.S.A and other. There were many people serving as spies to serve their country. Cicero, pseudonym of Elyesa Bazna, (born 1904, Pristina, Ottoman Empire [now in Kosovo]—died December 21, 1970, Munich, West Germany), one of the most famous spies of World War II, who worked for Nazi Germany in 1943–44 while he was employed as valet to Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen, British ambassador to neutral Turkey from 1939. It was a woman code breaker who, in 1945, became the first American to learn that World War II had officially ended. She leaves for Germany, hell bent on delivering the information into Nazi hands, with agent Harry Winterbotham hot on her tracks. Over the course of the war, between 34,000 and 50,000 young girls and women were forced into prostitution. Winston Churchill needed a new kind of agent to fight the Nazis. Dušan Popov was a Serbian-born double agent who worked for the MI6 during World War II. A spy school. On March 27, 1941, the Japanese liner Nitta Maru nuzzled against Pier 8 near Honolulu’s famous Aloha Tower on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. A number of British spies trained there. Research on this subject reveals that there were a ... of German records seized following the end of World War II held by the National Archives. Tags: World War II Spies spy Intelligence counter-intelligence POW POW Camps espionage oss office of strategic services. Many spies, scientists, industrialists, medical doctors, and people of other categories made their direct and indirect contributions in shaping the course of the war. Overview. The Secret History of World War II takes readers behind the scenes of the historical facts of the great war into the world of secret deals made in back rooms, underground spies and more. Even before U.S. involvement in World War Two, Nazi strategists—including Abwehr, the German intelligence agency—began inserting operatives into American cities or turning German-American citizens to the Nazi cause. They provided the Japanese with intelligence related to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. photographs and images. countries wanted as much information about their enemies as possible. It would take intense training. Lisbon was the spies favorite place. Anthony Doer's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel All the Light We Cannot See proved that literature about World War II continues to fascinate readers. Darkest Hour (2017) ‘Darkest Hour,’ directed by Joe Wright, is a drama film about UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s role in World War II. This all changed in 1962, when the Soviet defector Oleg Penkovsky was caught spying for the West, tried, and executed by the KGB. In the middle of World War II he became involved with the Manhattan Project - the allied program to build the first atomic bomb. Spies were a big part of World War 2. Like many other Americans, gays and lesbians flocked to the military. Reference (s) Carmelo Borg Pisani. From spy schools and ciphers to sneaky tools and secret armies, this guide takes you … After German submarines began attacking Mexican merchant ships and oil tankers, Mexico formally declared war on the Axis powers in May 1942. Naval Ensign Takeo Yoshikawa arrived in Hawaii in early 1941. Many of those were parachuted into England, and most were immediately, or soon captured and given the choice of becoming a “double agent” for the British Government or execution by firing squad. Whether it was confusing the enemy, leaking life, saving information, they played their part. Knowing what Buy Death to Spies Steam Key now from 2game.com and receive your key instantly. Six women who engaged in spying from Europe to Asia are the subject of this fascinating historical book. An average of 27,700 tons of bombs was dropped per month by the Allies from 1939 to 1945 for … NPR's Scott Simon speaks with author Pam Jenoff about her new novel, The Lost Girls of Paris. letters. (Olin Library D757 .W92 volumes held: 1-15;v.19-24) Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Germany invades Poland, marking what many regard as the start of the war, though Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. Many, but not all, of these were new developments, never used in previous wars. Director: Robert Aldrich | Stars: Lee Marvin, Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson, John Cassavetes. But Tokyo Rose was actually a rotating role that was filled by a number of women. Under the surface of every battlefield, however, were two opposing (though often connected) sides of espionage agents, most of whom were under the direction of one of … Notes: This footage could include the execution of 2 Hitler youths, aged just 16 and 17. Roald Dahl is known throughout the world as a popular author of children’s books. Spies, Code Breakers, and Secret Agents explores the intriguing world of spycraft and shows you what goes on behind the scenes in war.. From spy schools and ciphers to sneaky tools and secret armies, this guide takes you on a declassified … Maps and compasses were very important because they could help a spy escape from enemy territory. Get started for FREE Continue. 5 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from ‘worldwariispies’ hashtag Gills—Underwater Breathing. Operation Lena, the German espionage operation in Britain, turned out to be one of the least successful spy missions of World War 2. The Mexican navy began actively engaging German vessels and Axis spies in the country were rounded up and arrested. Agent GARBO (1941-44) The story of Jean Pujol Garcia, codenamed GARBO, one of the most successful double agents in the history of espionage. Six women who engaged in spying from Europe to Asia are the subject of this fascinating historical book. Tools. In addition, the list would include Frederick Mayer, Claire Phillips, and William G. Seboid. Best of all is John Malkovich’s Machiavellian hipster Basie. November 9, 2008 by Tim Nash. Juan Pujol Garcia - during World War 2, British intelligence made a fully successful effort to … Female Spies like Virginia Hall, Amy Thorpe and Barbara Lauwers were large supporters of Allied war efforts, and some of the most important women in World War 2. After the pigeons would fly back to her house with messages, people from the War Office would arrive on motorbikes at the house to collect the messages. Maps and compasses were very important because they could help a spy escape from enemy territory. In John Toland's book, The Rising Sun, he mentions an American Army officer who spied for the Japanese. Although women were not explicitly involved in the military until World War II, they were very active in the war effort during World War I. Beyond that, the war forced everyone to make fraught political choices. magazine and journal articles. Between 1940 and 1946, 19 spies and saboteurs were prosecuted under the Treachery Act and executed. Operation Lena, the German espionage operation in Britain, turned out to be one of the least successful spy missions of World War 2. After the American conquered Germany, Gillars was convicted of treason for her broadcast against the D-Day invasion on May 11, 1944. Peggy Taylor joined the French Free Forces during World War II and became a paratrooper and a spy, dedicated to driving the German invaders out of her country. The types of communication during World War II included: Propaganda, Newspapers/Magazines, Radio, Airplanes, Telegraph, Telephones, Mail, Animals, and Cryptology. There is a huge array of books focusing on the conflict, the struggles of the military and ordinary people, the key moments, and many more subjects. By John Altman. Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany; September 20, 1945. This article first appeared in BBC History Magazine's 'Spies & Espionage' bookazine in 2015. countries with incredibly important information about future Nazi plans. Roald Dahl. Codenamed as Garbo, he became one of the most famous double agents. Siviero was an Italian secret agent, art historian and intellectual, most notable for his important work in recovering … Japan’s Codes Broken. At the start of World War II, Popov began working for the Abwehr, headed by Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. CHILLING photographs reveal the gruesome fate that awaited hundreds of British and Allied prisoners of war during World War Two. All of the major players – Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and the USA – put intelligence at the heart of their military operations and had spies operating across Europe, North Africa and even South East Asia. During World War II, the British developed the Double Cross System. When the Second World War began on September 1, 1939, the fate of Sweden was unclear. This all changed in 1962, when the Soviet defector Oleg Penkovsky was caught spying for the West, tried, and executed by the KGB. March 24, 2014 dphepner Leave a comment. May 16, 2021 - Explore Pinning Teacher's board "World War II Lessons", followed by 3,882 people on Pinterest. She reported that she never left home without her lipstick and her revolver. World War II spies for the United Kingdom (65 P) World War II spies for the United States (32 P) Pages in category "World War II spies" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. The SOE itself focused on guerrilla warfare outside the ordinary theaters of conflict. most important spies in World War 2. Some operated as spies themselves. Acts of espionage heightened during World War II, and a special group of women excelled at that. In his mid-40s, he had a limp, a receding hairline, a pudgy face and an expanding waist. Robuck, whose historical novels are often centered on actual literary figures (Hemingway's Girl, Call Me Zelda), fictionalizes the wartime feats of a real-life Baltimore debutante-turned-spy named Virginia Hall.Recruited in 1941 by the British Special Operations Executive, Hall was the first woman settled in France for the purpose … Some of these women grew to great fame and one in particular even became synonymous with female spies [1]. Rodolfo Siviero. I knew their names, knew their careers, but the plot evaded me until it was time to write the novel. When Hitler took power in 1933, Fuchs - who ideologically was a communist - sought refuge in Britain. Nazi Germany had invaded Poland and was marching across Europe with the hope of conquering every country in its path. Examples of primary sources are: books - nonfiction & fiction. As double agents and even triple agents proliferated, a tangled web of international espionage emerged. U.S. Army soldier during WWII, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat, head of the OSS (1883-1959) William Alfred Eddy did not look the part of super spy. Allied spies and Nazi Agents insinuate themselves at a Scottish cottage (converted to a wartime hospital) with interests on an inventor's nearly perfected bomb sight. In and around Washington, DC, an innovative new spy agency known as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) took over national park sites to set up a first-of-its-kind spy school. World War II German military studies: a collection of 213 special reports on the Second World War prepared by former officers of the Wehrmacht for the United States Army / Donald S. Detwiler, editor, Charles B. Burdick and Jürgen Rohwer, associate editors. The one key ingredient that countries needed during World War II for an atomic bomb to work was uranium ore. Check out our world war 2 spies selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. It would take a school. Advertisement. NPR's Scott Simon speaks with author Pam Jenoff about her new novel, The Lost Girls of Paris. The fifth column case (1942-43) School for Spies in World War 2" DVD http://bit.ly/1mNm7Yp From the C.I.A. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was established during World War II to be America’s first modern spy service. The Pearl Harbor spy provided valuable intelligence to Japanese war planners prior to the surprise attack. “Her chances of returning alive were no better than even — or less,” writes Sarah Rose in “D-Day Girls: The Spies Who Armed the Resistance, Sabotaged the Nazis, and Helped Win World War II.” So, through a little bit of coincidence and a little bit of cunning, a game-based escape plan was hatched. Operations Executive. Four of every five German soldiers killed in the war, died on the Eastern Front. Mansions and hunting lodges … So the combination of military decisions and codebreaking genius that produced British victory at El Alamein set the stage for everything since. Across the country, seemingly innocuous, tranquil settings were hiding secrets. The Secret History of World War II : Spies, Code Breakers, and Covert Operations. Sweden during World War II maintained a policy of neutrality. From 1939 to 1945, the world buckled under the strain of constant war. Women Spies in World War II: With Charlton Heston, Mark Seaman, H. Keith Melton, Norman Polmar. Six women who engaged in spying from Europe to Asia are the subject of this fascinating historical book. Even before U.S. involvement in World War Two, Nazi strategists—including Abwehr, the German intelligence agency—began inserting operatives into American cities or turning German-American citizens to the Nazi cause. Bernard Julius Otto Kuehn (1895-Unknown) and his wife were German-born spies for the Japanese government. Intelligence agencies realized fairly early on the important part women could play in wartime spying, in what had been traditionally considered the domain of men. spies is also studied, as well as the response to what was perceived as a threat to the United States from Nazi Germany. Notes: This footage could include the execution of 2 Hitler youths, aged just 16 and 17. 1. The Germans operated over 500 military brothels during World War II. Espionage and the SOE. The great victories of the war could not have been possible without the information gathered by hundreds of spies working for the Allies. A: To start, the region would have changed in ways we can't chart or imagine had the Axis conquered the Middle East in 1942. In the case of memoirs, they are the materials recorded later by a participant or witness of an event. For most of us, the term “spy” implies that the number one job of any spy is to learn secrets of the enemies to give our forces an upper hand in the winning of the war. And when it comes to that kind of spying, the covert agents during World War II did amazing things to tip the balance in favor of the allied forces. 5 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from ‘worldwariispies’ hashtag Operating undercover, he spent his time studying and reporting on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. Many women served as spies, for and against the Allied Powers. Born in 1911 in Germany, Fuchs studied theoretical physics as a young man. The battle for the Rock of Gibraltar (1942-45) How the Security Service defended Gibraltar from German and Spanish spies and saboteurs. Well-known figures who passed through Camp X include the writer Roald Dahl, who was also an Ace pilot during WW2. Christian Bale is a star in the making as young Jim, while Allen Daviau’s cinematography adds … He photographed … Her book, D-Day Girls: The Spies Who Armed the Resistance, Sabotaged the Nazis, and Helped Win World War II, tells their stories. It is the greatest global conflict and the most deadly. Kolbe was born in Berlin before World War Two had begun. The supposedly “drowned” Major William Martin of Britain’s Royal Marines, was in fact just an anonymous man from Wales, who the BBC had quoted in its papers after the victory of the Allied powers as a “Tramp” who helped fool the … World War II spies for the Soviet Union (56 P, 1 F) World War II spies for Sweden (3 P) U. Thousands of German Enemy Prisoners of War (EPWs) … Click here to watch great FREE Movies & TV: http://filmrise.comWomen became unlikely heroes who fought behind enemy lines during WWII. So World War II spies hid all kinds of escape equipment in their clothes and shoes or everyday objects, such as pens and playing cards. Newly released WWII files confirm the existence of a legendary seductive spy and reveal more about one of Britain’s most notorious traitors. Dehn wrote the screenplay for a number of spy films including Goldfinger and The Spy who came in from the Cold. Sep 18, 2014. GCSE - Warfare and British society, c1250-Present. After the war it was discovered that 86 specific messages from Pujol had been included in high level German intelligence summaries. Overview. Slide 1 of 27: After the prosperity of the 1920s and the economic downturn of the 1930s, World War II brought enormous change to the … 10 Nazi Spies and Their Espionage Plots In America. Bernard Julius Otto Kuehn. Uncover the secret agents of World War 2--an exciting history book for kids 8 to 12. And though he is arguably one of the most notable and successful World War II spies, he’s not the only one to play the cloak-and … It was only found in one place in the whole world: the Katanga province of the Belgian Congo at the Shinkolobwe Mine. Mexico began to plan to actively join in combat. It's the story of a group of British female spies sent to France during World War II. Plotting an invasion of the United Kingdom in 1940 – codenamed Operation Sea Lion – the Nazis sent spies to gather intelligence across the English Channel. Women Some wielded pneumatic hammers, some sabotaged enemy railways, others sat in cockpits, but all contributed to their country's war effort as much as their male counterparts. Inventors devised ingenious gadgets and secret compartments to hide helpful items. Juan Pujol Garcia. World War II : Documents. Among the fake intelligence information that he sent to the Nazis was that the D-Day landings of the Allies would be at Calais. Isabella Marie Boyd (1843-1900) Best known as Belle Boyd or "Cleopatra of the Succession”, Isabella Marie Boyd was a Confederate spy in the American Civil war. Lambertsen demonstrated the device in a pool at a hotel in Washington in 1942. Professor Horatio Smith, while seeming very unassuming, rescues victims of Nazi persecution during World War II. At its peak in late 1944, the agency had nearly 13,000 members and one out of every three was a woman. KS3/4 - Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world, 1901-present. Calendar; Site Index; Search . August 2, 2011 by hparkins, posted in - Spies and Espionage, - World War II, Myth or History, Unusual documents Today's guest post is from Samuel Rushay, senior archivist at the Truman Presidential Library and Museum, who is featured in our newest "Inside the Vaults" video about the adventure of John Paton Davies. Imperial War Museum. Some of these women grew to great fame and one in particular even became synonymous with female spies [1]. What is less known about Dahl is that he also spent a few years as a British spy during World War II. Churchill, who had only been recently elected as the Prime Minister, is forced to deal with a horde of challenges after refusing to make a peace treaty with Nazi Germany. This article about it was in the newspaper: "Two Hitler youths, aged 16 and 17, have been executed by an Allied firing squad for espionage against American forces in the Aachen area. So, the German army established a vast network of military brothels throughout the occupied territories. They were very good at this, turning more than 40 German spies into double agents. Between 1940 and 1946, 19 spies and saboteurs were prosecuted under the Treachery Act and executed. During World War II in 1944 Nazi Spies came to America Nazi Spies Come Ashore A rubber raft splashed ashore in the dark at Bar Harbor, Maine, on the night of November 29, 1944. Each country had their own spy organizations that tried to get secret information about their enemies such as troop movements, supplies, bunker locations, and new weapons. Why were spies important? Information on where the enemy planned to attack or a new weapon they had invented could help determine the outcome of a battle. They would find German spies and then turn them into double agents. Much of the drama of stories of conflict in World War II revolve around the great battles of the times. The Rising Sun: The Decline & Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-45 by John Willard Toland. It was because espionage is one of the most effective ways to compile information about an enemy. In every theatre, in every type of operation, and for each major country involved, intelligence became a central facet of war planning. No movie mogul would have cast him as a James Bond or a Jason Bourne. It had been rejected by the U.S. Navy but the OSS showed interest. Inventors devised ingenious gadgets and secret compartments to hide helpful items. Female spies unearthed secrets, supported the French Resistance and … Votes: 72,023 | … “ This Pulitzer Prize–winning history of World War II chronicles the dramatic rise and fall of the Japanese empire, from the invasion of Manchuria and China to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.”. Even by the early 1960s, while the US was spending billions of dollars on space age spy tech, their gadgets hadn't moved on that much from World War II. Significant Events of World War II. The women who volunteered to be spies and came to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) unit attached to the 36th Infantry Division–with which I was serving in the Vosges Mountains of France in the fall of 1944–had plenty of courage. James Bond 007’s World War II connection. Only 20% of the males born in the Soviet Union in 1923 survived the war. Soon, Vera Atkins recruited her, and she was sent into Lyon under the guise of being a stringer for the New York Post. The Secret History of World War II : Spies, Code Breakers, and Covert Operations. Espionage was a crucial factor in the advance of World War II. Spies, Code Breakers, and Secret Agents explores the intriguing world of spycraft and shows you what goes on behind the scenes in war. The mission of the men and women of the SOE was sabotage, subversion, and guerrilla warfare done behind enemy lines. The following is an incomplete list of notable spies during World War II . Taylor was a French spy who shot and killed a German Gestapo colonel when she was 21. Gabrielle was a French nazi spy who reported information to French colony. Was later accused. Carré was a double agent. When he was an adult, he refused to fight along side the Nazis. While those were spectacular, the great victories of the war could not have been possible if not for the tireless and courageous efforts of hundreds of spies and operatives to did their job to give the allied … Overview. From 1942 to 1945, she served as an officer in Britain’s Special Operations Executive. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the page at World War II - … Here are 42 classified facts about World War II spies. 42. Wild Bill Before the CIA, there was the Office of Strategic Services. The OSS was headed by William “Wild Bill” Donovan. Donovan had caught the attention of governmental higher-ups first as a soldier in WWI, and then as a zealous smasher of speakeasies during the Prohibition Era. Female Spies In WWI. Check Price on Amazon . speeches. He betrayed Hitler and the Nazis by. Carmelo Borg Pisani was a Maltese-born artist and Italian Fascist who, on being discovered during an espionage mission in Malta, was found guilty by a British war tribunal and executed for alleged treason. Although women were not explicitly involved in the military until World War II, they were very active in the war effort during World War I. The French paratrooper downed a glass of cognac, said "Pour la France!" Even by the early 1960s, while the US was spending billions of dollars on space age spy tech, their gadgets hadn't moved on that much from World War II. The practice continued throughout the war. MF 182 World War II Collection. On June 5, 1944, de Baissac was in Paris recruiting when she learned D-Day was imminent. Dušan Popov. World War II : Documents. Check out our world war ii spies selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. During World War II, four paratroopers each from England, Scotland, France and the US, were on a plane about to jump when they realized there was only one serviceable parachute. memoirs and autobiographies. Acts of espionage heightened during World War II, and a special group of women excelled at that. Saving information, but the only problem was that the D-Day spies mentioned this. Will meet Virginia Hall, Claire Phillips, and guerrilla warfare done enemy! British spy during World War II spies help determine the outcome of a legendary seductive spy and more. Poland, marking what many regard as the start spies in world war 2 the men women! Role that was filled by a German friend, Johann Jebsen answer ( 1 ) answer! Everyone to make fraught political choices time to write the novel other Americans, gays and lesbians to! 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